-
1 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD -
2 Honnecourt, Villard de
-
3 Architecture and building
Biographical history of technology > Architecture and building
-
4 Civil engineering
См. также в других словарях:
Villard de honnecourt — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Villard. Autoportrait Villard de Honnecourt est un maître d œuvre du … Wikipédia en Français
Villard de Honnecourt — lived in 13th century France and may have been an itinerant master builder of Picardy in northern France. His fame rests entirely on his surviving portfolio of 33 sheets of parchment (animal skin) containing about 250 drawings from about the… … Wikipedia
VILLARD DE HONNECOURT — (1225? ? 1250) Personnalité de la première moitié du XIIIe siècle sur laquelle la lumière n’a pas été entièrement faite, Villard de Honnecourt est célèbre auprès des historiens de l’art par le recueil de croquis, appelé à tort Album , qu’il a… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Villard de Honnecourt — [vi laːrdəɔn kuːr], Wilạrs de Honecọrt, Ulạrdus de Hunecọrt, französischer Baumeister des 13. Jahrhunderts aus Honnecourt sur Escaut (bei Cambrai). Von ihm stammt das einzige aus dem Mittelalter erhalten gebliebene Bauhüttenbuch (um 1235;… … Universal-Lexikon
Villard de Honnecourt — fue un arquitecto que vivió en la primera mitad del siglo XIII, un maestro itinerante, que ha pasado a la fama por que se ha conservado un cuaderno de viajes que le perteneció, en el que se encuentran gran cantidad de dibujos que fue realizando… … Enciclopedia Universal
Villard de Honnecourt — (izg. vilȃr donkȗr) (13. st.) DEFINICIJA francuski gotički graditelj; njegovi zapisi o gotičkoj umjetnosti (1230 1240) na 33 pergamenska lista s 325 crteža najvažniji su izvor za proučavanje francuske gotike (arhitektura, kiparstvo, slikarstvo) … Hrvatski jezični portal
Villard de Honnecourt — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Villard. Autoportrait Villard de Honnecourt est un maître d œuvre du XIIIe siècle, célèbre pour son … Wikipédia en Français
Villard de Honnecourt — Selbstbildnis (?) des Villard de Honnecourt (um 1230) Villard de Honnecourt (auch Wilars dehonecort oder Vilars dehoncort; * vor 1230 in Honnecourt sur Escaut, Picardie; † nach 1235) war ein Baumeister aus Honnecourt sur Escaut in der Picardie,… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Villard de Honnecourt — Uno de los dibujos del Livre de portraiture … Wikipedia Español
Villard de Honnecourt — born с 1225, Picardy, France died с 1250 French architect. He is remembered mainly for the sketchbook he compiled while traveling in search of work as a master mason. The book contains sketches and writings concerning architectural practices of… … Universalium
Villard de Honnecourt — /vila də ɒnˈkʊə/ (say veelah duh on koouh) noun fl. c. 1225–35, French architect …